Taking Down The Confederate Flag - 1577 Words

Svara Sandip Shukla English 1011/Kemp September 9, 2015 FA1 Debate Draft Taking down the Confederate Flag The confederate flag, a topic that has been the center of controversy for many years now, is an emblem of southern pride and heritage to some, while to some it is purely a symbol of hate and racism. After the shootings in South Carolina, it is clear that the flag should be taken down. Since it represents white supremacy and inequality and not Southern pride. The confederate flag, one of the most controversial image of the American culture, was adopted on May 1, 1863, which was percipated by the issue of slavery. It was initially adopted as the battle flag by the army of Northern Virginia. And, even though it was never officially†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Countless white supremacy groups, use the flag often, and the 21-year-old white man who confessed Friday to killing nine black people at a historic church in Charleston, S.C, rocked the â€Å"rebel flag† on his license plate and took numerous pictures with the controversial flag.† Belton, Danielle. â€Å"Southern pride or Jim Crow’s death rattle? Everything you need to know about the confederate flag†. 23 June, 2015. Web. 30 August, 2015. Jim Crow laws were state laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. For decades, the confederate flag was scampered during remembrances of the war and then for the most part was packed and out away. It was still a novelty until 1948. But, that was the year it went from Civil War indelible to political football, when he raised the wrath of pro-segregation Southern Democrats, also known as â€Å"Dixiecrats†. With the advancement to end the Jim Crow Laws, the flag got more and more popular among the segregation set, and was being used into many southern state flags and began to be flown alongside South Carolina’s state flag. A signal phrase that introduces quoting or paraphrasing. The confederate political leader Alexander Stephens fought the war and then flew the flag as he

Bullying Is A National Tragedy That Claims The Lives Of

Bullying is a national tragedy that claims the lives of thousands of young children and teenagers every year and even though there is national spotlight on the issue, there seems to be little done about it due to the constant ability to change around the old prevention methods and the expansion of loop-holes. The effects of bullying have deep emotional trauma because nobody likes to be circled out from a group and get picked on knowing that you’re always going to be the center of attention and hate no matter what you do. Some people who get bullied have a strong sense about themselves and can tolerate the bullying that they get and just push it to the side, while others are not so fortunate and this can result in committing suicide and†¦show more content†¦They are in state of disarray after being bullied because they already have so much on their hands such as a new school, a new life, and now having to deal with a form of bullying that adds unneeded stress and confl ict into their lives. Adults are more prepared and revolutionized to withstand the backlash of bullying because as we grow older we tend to forget what everyone around us thinks and we let many thing slide past us, which can be a good and even bad thing, depending on the situation. There are also many different roles that kids can play in the role of bullying and they are â€Å"kids can bully others, they can be bullied, or they may witness bullying. When kids are involved in bullying, they often play more than one role. It is important to understand the multiple roles kids play to effectively prevent and respond to bullying† (HHS). The roles play an important part of how it all goes down, usually the kids who are being bullied are having problems away from school and this is one way of dealing with their interior anger that they are holding inside and is boiling beyond. Problems outside of school are hard to identify because nobody is able to gain access into their lives awa y from school so school’s usually punish this type of behavior instead of doing something else that is proactive such as visiting up with their parents and getting deep down into theShow MoreRelatedAnti Bullying Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesEnhanced Anti-Bullying Laws and School Programs Lisa Aparicio Saint Joseph’s College The Need for Enhanced Anti-Bullying Laws and School Programs Bullying was traditionally considered rites of passage, something all children and youth must go through. This is a myth. In today’s violent growing society, bullying has been responsible for several acts of non-punishable crimes. The lack of attention to implementing and enforcing anti-bullying state laws, and funding anti-bullying school programsRead MoreCyber Bullying Is Not A New Phenomenon1704 Words   |  7 PagesProducing Danger Bullying in school is not a new phenomenon; it is as old as the education system. In texts as ancient as the Bible examples are explicit and evident. Throughout the ages bullying has been a tragic and catastrophic element that seems inevitable as it affects the lives of its victims. The fundamental purpose of a school is to educate and coach children in their emotional, cognitive, civic, vocational, and social development. 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Firestone The Issue Strong, influential and cruel are just some of the words that come to mind when you hear the word bully. In American culture, bullying among children and teenagers has often been dismissed as a normal part of growing up. Little attentionRead More Media Violence is Not the Problem - The Problem is in Our Homes, our Schools, and our Communities3259 Words   |  14 Pageson during their coming of age? These are hard questions that may not have definite answers; however, a clear analysis on many studies reveals that we’ve only begun to scratch the surface. On Wednesday, October 22, 2003, America revisited a national tragedy that occurred in Littleton, Colorado four years ago. When authorities released the video Rampant Range, the public for the first time got to see Columbine High School shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold at a practice shooting range six weeksRead MoreImpact Of Discrimination On Arab Americans1722 Words   |  7 PagesJonathan Adams Professor Jed Murr B CUSP 174 A: American Lives 16 June 2015 The Impacts of discrimination on Arab Americans in work place and education. The United States history is the history of immigrants. People from different countries came to the US for different reasons. Some came for political or religious freedom. Others came for economic status. Among those were Arabs. What is an Arab? What is an Arab American? Are these terms subject to negative treatment by others? What is itRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Violence1688 Words   |  7 Pageson one object; a gun. Not only are these acts of terrorism a problem but the presence of guns in our everyday lives. The things we see on television and social media has an impact on our lives. The violence that’s present in movies, videogames, etc, has a lasting impact on society. The topic of gun violence has been relevant recently and has been an ongoing debate through congress. The lives of many families have been changed because of this senseless violence that occurs and this needs to stop. EveryoneRead MoreUnited Nations Environment Programme ( Unep ) Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pageswild because they never experienced the chance to enjoy freedom. According to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), caged animals die in artificial habitats as a result of negative effects of confinement because â€Å"Every aspect of their lives is controlled and manipulated,† (â€Å"Zoos: An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone†). PETA has proven elephants gain diseases, because their cages do not allow them enough room to move around, which causes arthritis and foot infections, due to the lack

Billing and Payments Monitoring System Free Essays

I. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Study One of the most important things to remember when you have a business or a company is keeping records. We will write a custom essay sample on Billing and Payments Monitoring System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Monitoring bills and payments are very important. People are assigned to different positions such as cashiers, treasurers, finance managers and others that involve handling money. Without such records, a company will not be able to keep track of their transactions, which would lead to negative results such as being broken or having more expenses than income. The process of recording bills and payments are done in different ways. Most companies would do it manually, a cashier or any other qualified person would do the computations and write it down and keep it. Our client company, however, only has two people that have access to their records. In this situation, the cashier has no assistants so that the job is very difficult as she manages everything by herself. The proponents intend to propose and develop a Billing and Payments Monitoring System for Minerva Trading; the House of Motorcycles Inc. ; it would computerize the tiring manual process of writing everything down in paper. It would keep the records, and it would allow the users to keep track of their customers and their corresponding ledgers. It would show the total price and record factors that might affect changes in payment such as discounts and advanced payments. 1. 2 Overview of the Current System Our interview with Mr. Dustin Sacay the Officer in Charge of Minerva Trading, Novaliches branch and Ms. Rosie Pascual the cashier, went well as we talked about how we could help their company with the system that we intend to develop. They gave us all the data that we needed, and they were very cooperative while we were conducting the interview. Our client, Minerva Trading; the House of Motorcycles Inc. the company that accepted our proposal had to do everything manually, they write all the transactions and records on papers. While that is the most common way of keeping records, there are certain problems that would arise from time to time. These problems might include ink erasures, writing the wrong data, misplacement of records, and restocking of paper constantly. Minerva’s trading has a simple step by step process to be followed whenever a transaction was made. First, the customer would fill up an application form; he/she would select his/her payment type, installment or cash. If the customer chooses cash, he/she gets the bill and the transaction is finished. If its installment, the OIC would do a CI (Checking Investigation) to do some background checking on the customer, if the customer passes or fails the CI, he/she would be notified. If the customer is approved by the OIC, his application form and order detail would be submitted to the cashier. The cashier would then fill up a contract and a ledger that would give the payment details for the customer. The customer subsequently gives a down payment and afterwards pays the rest of the amount whenever he can until he/she completes the whole amount. 1. 3 Significance of the Study The following will be the beneficiaries of this study: * Company The system would reduce the time that they spend on manually writing down everything in paper. Cashier The cashier would be the primary beneficiary. She does nearly 90% of the paperwork in Minerva Trading. Once they receive and use the system, their work would be a lot faster, easier and more organized. * OIC (Officer In Charge) Other than the cashier, the OIC is the only other person that has the authority and access to all the records. He would find the system useful as it will simplify and lessen their work. * Customers The customers might also find the system helpful, especially during transactions. Filling up forms and other paperwork might shorten the time that they need to wait or to get their receipts and other things that usually involved the manual writing processes. * Proponents The proponents would also benefit from this, as it would expand our knowledge when it comes to system development, it helps us practice our interpersonal skills as we communicate with different people, it helps us practice writing in English with the documentation, and last but not the least, the subject itself is going to prepare us for other thesis subjects in the coming semesters. Future Researchers This might also be of some of the use to future researchers as it is distinct from the typical proposals that involve systems that seem common to both teachers and other proponents alike. We believe that learning about a system that is different from the usual proposed titles would expand their knowledge and maybe even help them think of their individual concepts in creating their own systems. How to cite Billing and Payments Monitoring System, Essay examples

Grandmother Devotion Essay Example For Students

Grandmother Devotion Essay annonA Worn Path, written by Eudora Welty concerns the life of an elderly woman,Phoenix Jackson, and her enduring love for her chronically ill grandson. Herenduring love for her young grandson is what keeps her going. Her life is onefull of amazement. She is frail, old, and encounters many struggles. Thoughshe manages to overcome all the trials, along with her brief lapses ofmentally wondering. When she comes to her senses she realizes that she needsto be on her way and quickly moves on. Amazingly, old Phoenix can go about her journey nearly without her sight. Shedepends solely on the steps of her feet for direction. She knows well enoughto change her habits and pull herself together upon entering the big city. She is always polite and courteous to all the towns people. For a woman ofher age, she manages to pull herself through all the tangles she gets herselfinto. She keeps her faith, by enduring to the end. She is a survivor throughthe love she has for her grandson. Old Phoenix Lets nothing tragic faze her. Nothing frightens Phoenix, not even a scarecrow in the dark of the woods. Walking across a log with her eyes closed are some of the daring things shedoes. A hunter along the way approaches her and tries to use his gun toundermine her. He is impolite to her by referring to her as granny. Thehunter unknowingly looses a nickel, then immediately old Phoenix devises ascheme to scrape up the shinny coin. She has already determined in her heartwhat she will purchase with this windfall. Phoenix would rather not purchasesomething of need. She has attained some additional funds along her journey. With these additional funds, she has in mind to return with a gift for hergrandson, who is ill and all alone back home. Phoenix is a poor, uneducated old woman. She is a positive and clever person. Old Phoenix can entertain herself with nature alone. She has an imaginationall her own. Once Phoenix rested and realized she was half finished with herjourney, it was like a fresh wind to her. She, always being polite andcourteous, reminds others that she is just an old woman. Phoenix isremarkable, able to make continual journeys throughout the years. To Phoenix,it is as if the only two in the world are her grandson and herself. Old Phoenix is more than what meets the eye. She has strength, motivated byher determination. She is driven by the love she has for her grandson. Herexistence in life is that of a poor, black, uneducated, rural woman. She isan incredible person in all she does, and she attains what is needs forsurvival.

Animalism Vs. Marxism Essays - Marxist Theorists, Old Bolsheviks

Animalism Vs. Marxism Animalism Vs. Marxism Characters, items, and events found in George Orwells book, Animal Farm, can be compared to similar characters, items, and events found in Marxism and the 1917 Russian Revolution. This comparison will be shown by using the symbolism that is in the book with similarities found in the Russian Revolution. Old Major was a prized-boar that belonged to Farmer Jones. The fact that Old Major is himself a boar was to signify that radical change and revolution are, themselves, boring in the eyes of the proletariat (represented by the other barnyard animals), who are more prone to worrying about work and survival in their everyday life. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Major's role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas were to lead to the communist revolution. Animal Farm is a criticism of Karl Marx, as well as a novel perpetu ating his convictions of democratic Socialism. (Zwerdling, 20). Lenin became leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Like the animals in the farm yard, the people is Russia thought there would be no oppression in a new society because the working class people (or animals) would own all the riches and hold all the power. (Golubeva and Gellerstein 168). Another character represented in the book is Farmer Jones. He represents the symbol of the Czar Nicholas in Russia who treated his people like Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk who never took care of the animals and who came home one night, left the gat e open and the animals rebelled. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very mad with the way he wielded his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The Czar said ?The law will henceforward be respected and obeyed not only by the nation but also the authority that rules it - and that the law would stand above the changing views of the individual instruments of the supreme power.? (Pares 420). The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didn't talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon charged the dogs on Snowball, another animal. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. In was not till very many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution. For almost 50 years the world thought that the Nazis had done the killing in Russia, when in fact it was Stalin. (Imse 2). The last characters that are symbolic of each other are the animal Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. He gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalin's relationship was very much like Snowball's and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenin's death Trotsky lost all his power to Stalin and was expelled from the communist party. He was at one time considered the second most powerful man in Russia. (Trotsky? Comptons 290). Besides ch aracters there are many items that can be compared as symbols in the book and

Look Out! Its an Octopus!A Squid!The Son Of Hades! Professor Ramos Blog

Look Out! Its an Octopus!A Squid!The Son Of Hades! â€Å"How it lashes, how it thrashes, How if flashes, how it flails, How it dwarfs the greatest fishes, Even dwarfs the mighty Whales. Nothing living in the ocean Can enjoy a moment’s ease, For the Kraken has awakened at the bottom of the seas.†   (Prelutsky,1980)         Wait it can swallow a whale? Thats one big ass sea monster. It would have to be the biggest monster on the planet in order to â€Å"hunt for mighty vessels† or â€Å"choke a great leviathan with one squeeze   (Prelutsky, 1980).† The first mention of the Kraken dates all the way back to 1180. King Sverre of Norway at this time would tell tales and give warning to sailors of sea monsters that were dangerous and of these sea creatures the most dangerous of them all was the Kraken   (Gaither, 2012). This was a time when the sea was more of a mystery than it is now and there was so much unexplored and unmapped waters. Men would spend months on sea, sometimes even getting lost. With drinking water and food in low supply, and extreme weather conditions ranging from storms to extreme heat it is safe to say that a lot of the men at sea were not in their right mind. The stories and experience of these early voyages were influenced due to these factors and their perception and reality was blurred. They would come back with horror stories of various monsters and experiences that held only a small amount of reality (Salvador, 2016).          I dont know about you, but when I hear the word â€Å"kraken† immediately my mind paints an image of gigantic tentacles ripping apart a ship. The interesting part is that its never a modern day cruise ship, its always a wooden ship from a specific era in which parts of the world were still left undiscovered. Is this by coincidence? I think not. I believe the kraken has been burned into our minds as a monster from that era. Try   to imagine a kraken today. Can you picture it taking down a Carnival cruise ship? Maybe a Naval jet carrier? It’s difficult to paint these pictures because the kraken is a direct product of a time in which the sea itself was an unknown danger. In Monster Theses 1: The Monster’s Body is a Cultural Body, monster theorist Jeffrey Cohen explains that a monster’s creation is directly linked to the time and culture in which it was created. â€Å"The monster is born only at this metaphoric crossroads, as an embodiment of a certain cultural moment-of a time, a feeling a place.†(Cohen, Thesis 1) The time in which the Kraken was created was a time of uncertainty in regards to the sea. There was so much mystery about the sea, how deep it was, and most importantly what creatures, or monsters if you will, inhabit it. What makes the Kraken such a significant monster as it applies to Cohen’s first thesis, is that all of these cultural factors regarding the mystery of the sea are still just that, mysteries. Although we immediately imagine the kraken in an ancient setting, the possibilities of a current kraken are still there and left unexplored in modern films. This could possibly be because the kraken has such a strong connection to the specific cultural moment in which it was created.         Living in the deepest parts of the ocean in most description, the kraken is a product of parts of the ocean left unexplored. Modern technology has taken us all the way to the moon, however we have been unable to reach the very bottom of the ocean floor on our own planet. We have yet to find aliens in space, but we haven’t explored enough to determine if they in fact exist. This same idea applies to the sea. Do we know that the kraken is just a legend? Is it possible that there are things beyond our knowledge sleeping on the floor of the darkest and deepest parts of the ocean? We can’t answer any of these questions with full certainty. The kraken, regardless of it being a product of imagination or fact, is a warning of the unknown that lies in our own planet. Perhaps it is stories and modern variations of the kraken that have stopped us from answering the questions the ocean holds. Monster theory has taught us that a monster serves as a warning to the unkno wn and that it embodies the ideas that scare us so that we will not look any deeper into them(Cohen, 5). Perhaps we fear waking the beast that could potentially be so large as to be mistaken for a mile long piece of land. After all we were able to build technology that allows us to breath in space but we can’t figure out technology to take us to the lowest depths of the ocean floor. Or maybe we can and we don’t? The kraken’s warning of the unknown is undeniable, and if kraken could be imagined to be down there, we can only assume there are frightening hybrid creatures dwelling with it. The potential for monstrosity on our own planet spans far beyond that of space. â€Å"To modern science, the deep sea is an alien world cradling unknown life.† (Alder, 2018)   The idea of the kraken existing is not that far out as we continue to discover new forms of life in our oceans every year that were previously unrecorded. Sometimes we are even able to connect them to the ideas of the monsters in legends and myths. Although a kraken has yet to be discovered, the possibility of its existence is still there and the different imagery we have in film and television of this monster adds to our fears and anxieties.          The kraken takes on a reimagined look that strays from early descriptions we may have had in the film ‘Clash of the Titans’ where we see a sea creature hybrid that holds human-like characteristics. â€Å"Clash of The Titans† gives us a classic story of a hero, Perseus, son of the god Zeus, fighting Zeus’ brother and god of the underworld Hades. In the film, Hades is explained to have created the Kraken and uses him as a weapon in this war of gods. We receive narration throughout the film explaining just how the kraken came to be. â€Å"Zeus convinced his brother Hades, to create a beast so strong it could defeat their parents. And from his own flesh, Hades gave birth to an unspeakable horror, The Kraken.†(Clash of the Titans, 2010) I personally could not think of a monster more scary than one that is birthed from the flesh of the god of the underworld. Although most descriptions of the kraken early on can be written off as a giant squid or an octopus, the reimagining of the kraken is a mixture of various creatures. In â€Å"Clash of The Titans† we see that the kraken stands upright with a full torso, a head, a face, and arms in addition to its massive tentacles. Kraken is some sort of humanoid cephalopod hybrid in this adaptation. The combination of human-like features on a sea monster makes this monster that much more frightening because we are unable to classify it as just a giant squid or anything else. I believe they used this strategy to replace the image we may have had of the kraken and create something less predictable and more ferocious. Monster theory three shows us that a monster can not be defined by a specific class, it can be a combination of a few different species, or hold characteristics that cross the lines of all characteristics. So just to paraphrase this interpretation of the Kraken is part Hades, god of the underworld, part cephalopod, part who knows what else but definitely something evil and monstrous that has the ability to crush entire cities and craves the flesh of humans. The issue I have with this interpretation of the Kraken is that all it took to kill it was the head of Medusa. We see the Kraken stare into her eyes and begin to turn to stone even though he is a goliath of a creature. I feel like a creature so evil, born of Hades flesh, should have had a bit more of a fight and a more complex demise then just turning to stone especially since it has arms in addition to its tentacles and just towers over the city as if it were a set of legos. I would like to believe that the kraken could not be so easily defeated and for this, I give â€Å"Clash of the Titan’s† interpretation of the kraken a two out of five. One point for monster thesis nu mber three being present in its physical features, and one point for the cool, fear-inducing creation story.         Although redefining the appearance of the kraken is one way to scare an audience, another way would simply be to perfect the classic description with an addition of one unforgettable and unexpected feature and this is exactly what we got in the film â€Å"Pirates of the Caribbean.†   and this is exactly what we found . Jack Sparrow, the legendary drunk and untrustworthy pirate, finds his greatest fear in the beast that sleeps on the bottom of the ocean floor in The Pirates Of The Caribbean trilogy. The other-worldly pirate Davy Jones keeps the kraken as his sleeping pet, only woken in the most extreme cases to do Jones’ bidding. Sparrow finds himself on the wrong side of the seas when he is marked with â€Å"the black spot† by Jones. The black spot enables the Kraken to find Sparrows exact location upon being woken from its slumber. Before we even get a glimpse of the kraken in the film we are threatened with the monsters capabilities and unimagin able strength. â€Å"A fearsome creature with giant tentacles that’ll suction your face clean off, and drag an entire ship down to the crushing darkness. The Kraken. They say the stench of its breath is†¦(shudders) Imagine, the last thing you know on God’s green earth is the roar of the Kraken and the reeking odor of a thousand rotting corpses. If you believe such things.† -Pirate Gibbs. (Pirates Of The Caribbean, 2016 ) The kraken clearly has a reputation in this world the film has created which is why Sparrow spends the duration of the movie dodging the Kraken and trying to come up with a way to evade the monster’s promise of a watery grave. We see a peak of the Kraken as it demolishes ships in less than a minute. It seems to park its unidentifiable body underneath Naval ships and with absolute silence we see the larger than life tentacles breech the ships sides and in an almost effortless swoop, the ship is completely submerged with no trace of the catastrophe. At this point we assume from the verbal descriptions and the tentacles that this Kraken is just a giant squid or Octopus. Although a giant squid would still be more than enough to freak me out, I am still able to classify it which takes away from this films variation fitting into monster thesis three. It is not until a monumental moment in the climax of the film where we actually see the kraken surface in full to feast on Jack Sparro w. Upon its emergence we get a glimpse at a huge mouth filled with rows upon rows of sharp and salivating teeth. This kraken is able to extend its mouth open in a way that is fitting of the earliest descriptions of the kraken in which sailors describe it as being able to open its mouth wide enough to swallow an entire vessels and whales(Salvador, 2016). At this moment in the film we immediately throw all the classifications of the kraken being a giant version of a sea creature out the window and it is here when it becomes the monster that we can no longer classify. The delayed reveal of this creature plays a trick on our minds leading us to believe we know what it is and then all of a sudden we are greeted by a monstrous reveal of the beastie, as Sparrow calls it. We begin to question our assumptions of the monster which monster theorist Jeffrey Cohen explains in the third monster thesis. â€Å"Generally: they are disturbing hybrids whose externally incoherent bodies resist attempt s to include them in any systematic structuration.† Cohen’s observation can be easily broken down as I watched the slow reveal of the Kraken. I thought I had it all figured out, its just a giant squid and then, bam, where in the hell did all those teeth come from? And how in the hell is this thing able to just swallow a ship whole? Its a freakish creature that dwells below and the fear it has struck in the characters suddenly make sense. This kraken in my opinion is the kraken of all krakens. Although we see it die in the film, it took an entire naval fleet to kill it not just some head of a snake lady. This kraken kicked ass and took names before meeting its demise. It swallowed multiple ships effortlessly, it was revealed to us in a way that kept it mysterious and surprising, and it ate the main character of the entire Pirates of the Caribbean franchise. If this kraken were to fight the kraken from â€Å"Clash of the Titans† it would clearly kick its ass, but t hen again the tiny head of snake lady was able to kick its ass so maybe thats not saying much.         The kraken is said to sleep on the bottom of the ocean floor, and maybe thats where its been all this time that it hasnt been portrayed in a present day or modern way. The few versions we have been given of this beast are enough to prove just how monsterous the kraken truly is. We are never able to understand exactly what it is as it is product of the sea in which we have left unexplored. Its physical features, although sometimes recognizable, are mutated and horrific. It has been portrayed mainly in films and stories set in an era in which it was created. In this era the world as a whole was a new place and it was easy for our minds to create monsters out of pieces of reality. We have explored the planet since then which is perhaps why the role of the kraken as a monster has gone underrepresented. If you ask me we have forgotten the most important thing that defines kraken as just that, even in todays world. The kraken is a warning of what we dont know and what we have left unexplored on our own planet. The monster possibilities under the sea are endless because of our ignorance or perhaps our fear of knowing. Fear, anxiety, and potential of unfathomable monstrosities manifests in the legend of the kraken. I believe this monster is severely underrated and severely underrepresented in todays culture. I suppose the kraken is out there sleeping on the ocean floors and we be wary of the day it wakes and confronts us with our fears that we seem to have forgotten of the unknown parts of our very own planet. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Alder, Emily. Kraken. The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Ashgate Publishing, 1st edition, 2014. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ashgtmonster/kraken/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. This is a detailed analysis of the history of the Kraken.   The author compares the very first documented descriptions of the kraken with other newer variations of the kraken. There is also an in depth analysis of the different names the kraken has in different cultures. I will be using this source to pull various krakens to compare. I will also be using some of the cross examinations. This source is credible because it is a scholar journal found on credo. Sea Serpent. Gaithers Dictionary of Scientific Quotations, edited by Carl C. Gaither, and Alma E. Cavazos-Gaither, Springer Science+Business Media, 2nd edition, 2012. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sprgaithers/sea_serpent/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 29 Jul. 2018. This source summarizes early tales of the kraken and its origins. I will be using this source to understand how we created the monster. I will tie this in to monster theory centered around the monsters being a product of the era in which they were originated. Alder, Emily. Sea Monsters. The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Ashgate Publishing, 1st edition, 2014. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ashgtmonster/sea_monsters/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 29 Jul. 2018. This source gives a detailed background specifically around the origin of various sea monsters. Although the kraken is not mentioned in this academic journal, the observations about the unexplored sea can be applied to my essay. I will use these observations to explain how the kraken is a product of our fears of the unknown associated with the sea. Prelutsky, Jack. â€Å"The Kraken.† 1992 https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/kraken#. Accessed 17. Jul. 2018. This is   poem written about the Kraken.   I will use this source as one of the examples of the kraken that I am examining. Although it is just a short poem it is still very descriptive in its appearance. I will also use this in my introduction. Salvador, Rodrigo Brincalepe. â€Å"The Real-Life Origins of the Legendary Kraken.† The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 4 Jan. 2016, independent.co.uk/news/science/kraken-the-real-life-origins-of-the-legendary-sea-monster-a6796241.html. This is an article that once again details the origin of the kraken however this time the reference of the actual journals is being used. I will use this to explain the fear and anxiety the kraken actually created during this time. This will help me link the kraken to the monster theory that talks about monsters being a specific product of a moment in time or era. Leterrier, Louis, director. Clash of the Titans. Warner Bros., 2010. I will be using the version of the kraken from Clash of the Titans to analyze. Bruckheimer, Jerry, et al. Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest. Buena Vista, 2006. I will be using this version of the kraken from Pirates of the Caribbean to analyze. Cohen, J Jeffrey. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Thesis) Monster Theory: Reading Culture, 1996 pp. 3-20 This is the source of the monster thesis which I will be incorporating to analyze and evaluate the kraken. I will compare monster thesis 1, 3, and 5 to the kraken and explain how these theories apply to it.  

Comparison and Contrast of Websites on Herbal Drugs Essay

Comparison and Contrast of Websites on Herbal Drugs - Essay Example The first website that is with the title â€Å"The Herb Society of America† gives details about herbs whether they are of medicinal usage or not. The purpose of the website is to accommodate the internet users or searchers of herbal drugs with knowledge about all kinds of herbs and to facilitate them with the buying of those herbs for their personal or professional uses. The viewers of the website can also buy different published papers and articles on various herbs from this website. The first page of the website gives an introductory data about herbs and offers the readers to gain information on various topics on herbs. The content on the website of â€Å"The Herb Society of America† is quite readable and easy to follow because of its simplicity and eloquence. The readers can find beginners’ guide to herbs, which is supportive for people having no know-how of the herbs. The intended audiences of the website are the students, researchers, herb lovers and informa tion retrievers. In addition to the mentioned audience, patients of different diseases also look for herbal drugs on the website. The source is recommendable because of its reliability and validity. The information given on the website is well-researched and detailed. We can find facts as well as opinions on the website backed by the researchers and scholars. The information given on the website is current as the website is updated on regular basis. We can notice new and updated articles and written content on the website about herbal drugs and herbs, which are enough informative. Not only written content but also photographed and video-recorded content can be found on the website. As far as bias or prejudice of the organization â€Å"The Herb Society of America† is concerned in relation to the posted information, there is no such thing found on the website as it is about herbs and all kinds of herbs that are available are listed on the website along with their detailed specification. Not only scientific but also the traditional information is given bout the listed herbs. The other website that is part of the paper is www.herbmed.org. This website is a database of information about medicinal herbs. Unlike the previously mentioned website, this website is only reserved for revealing data about medicinal herbs and we cannot find any data about other herbs that have no drug related usefulness. The purpose of this website is to give information to the information finders about medicinal herbal drugs. The given information is knowledge giving and enlightening due to which, the users of the website access the website. This website is very dissimilar to the website of â€Å"The Herb Society of America† as the information on it is not free for everyone. A limited set of information is free for all internet users but for extended usage and detailed and updated information, the users have to pay to view and access the website. The website is divided into two parts that are HerbMed and HerbMedPro. HerbMed offers access to information to only twenty popular herbs while HerbMedPro offers access to two hundred and thirty three herbs. All of these herbs have medicinal usages. The website is quite useful and comprehensible as it provides all the uses of herbs to the health in a simple manner. Like the previously descr ibed website, this w

Prevalence of Asthma and its associated factors in two different areas Essay

Prevalence of Asthma and its associated factors in two different areas of Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The narrowing or obstruction of the airways is caused by airway inflammation and broncho-constriction. Its prevalence has been reported to be increasing everywhere in the world. Asthma is a considerable burden, not only in terms of health care costs but also of decreased productivity and diminished participation in family life. While for children who were asthmatic, the condition attributed significantly in causing absenteeism of these children as compared to those who were not asthmatic; asthmatic children showed higher mean period of school absenteeism (1) During the past two decades, we have witnessed many scientific advances that have improved our understanding of asthma and our ability to manage it effectively. Still, the variation of national health care systems and of asthma therapies necessitates that recommendations for asthma care should be adapted to local conditions throughout the global community. Saudi Arabia has been one of the nations that had seen an increase in the prevalence of asthma. The country is located in the Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen; the terrain is mostly uninhabited sandy desert. Generally the climate is harsh with a dry desert and with great temperature extremes. Saudi Arabia's 2005 population is estimated to be about 26.5 million; including about 5.5 million resident foreigners. Until the 1960s, most of the population was nomadic or semi nomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population now is settled. Some cities and oases have densities of more than 1,000 people per square kilometer (2,600/mile) (2). The estimated birth and death rates for 2005 were .29.56-births/1,000 population 2.62 deaths/1,000 population. The age structure of the population for the same year for age group 0-14 years: 38.2% (male 5,149,960/female 4,952,138), 15-64 years: 59.4% (male 8,992,348/female 6,698,633), and 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 334,694/female 289,826) (3). Asthma has been rising in prevalence for the past two to three decades in the country and even in different parts of the globe. A survey conducted for the number of asthma cases among children between the ages of 8 and 16 for a 9-year period revealed that there was a significant increase in the prevalence of bronchial asthma from 8% in 1986 to 23% in 1995 (4). Moreover, another study comparing the symptoms of asthma in urban and rural Saudi Arabia in 1998 showed that a greater number of allergic symptoms were found in urban than in rural children and in Saudi than non-Saudi Arab children (5). Likewise, a survey of the socioclinical profile of children with asthma in Al-Majmaah province showed that male children represented 69% of the sample and children under one year of age manifested significantly severe degree of asthma (6). In the United Kingdom, a number of studies have shown a rising incidence of asthma up to 32.2% (7). Similarly, in the United States of America the prevalence of self-reported asthma has increased by 42% (8). Literature Review Factors associated with asthma are countless. They have been categorized in many groups based on some common characteristics. In the following paragraphs the matter is discussed under specific topics as it is concerned with asthma. Genetic Factors Role of genetics in this regard has been universal and it attributes to a

Iraq War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Iraq War - Essay Example It has also deepened the Federal Debt and caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands. There is no winning this war just a matter of how badly people and America’s credibility on the world will be hurt which is proportionate to how long it lasts. Those who believe or argue that the U.S. strategy is finally working after five years fail to realize or admit that the ‘surge’ has only served to secure part of one city in Iraq and that 2007 was the deadliest year for U.S. soldiers. In addition, More than 12,000 Iraqi citizens were killed in 2007, â€Å"and thats not including combat deaths or those killed in sectarian violence† (Bedard, 2008). Most Americans now agree with what the rest of the world has known all along, that the invasion of Iraq was not in the best interest of western-Arab relations and was unquestionably illegal as defined by the International Court of Justice and the UN, the two most preeminent legal bodies on the globe. At best, the information provided to Bush was faulty, at worst his justification for war was based purely on fabrications. The alleged link between the terrorist group Al Qaeda and Iraq was referenced before the war and became the primary excuse of the Bush administration fo llowing the lack of weapons evidence. This flawed justification has since been proven to be untrue as well. However, because of the occupation of Iraq, the international terrorist organization Al Qaeda has grown in number, increased attacks worldwide and has infiltrated the borders of Iraq. According to the prophetic words of a current world leader, â€Å"If we don’t stop extending our troops all around the world in nation-building missions, then we’re going to have a serious problem,† George W. Bush, Jan. 2000 (â€Å"Vice President†, 2000). The instances of misused military power over the past half century have escalated in the past 15 years which has caused an ever-widening credibility

Definitions And Concepts Heritage Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

Definitions And Concepts Heritage Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay This Chapter provides some definitions and concepts concerning the heritage building conservation. It outlines previous researches related to objectives of this research. In addition, the Chapter summarises past researches conducted on the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya. Theory of conservation, laws and international legislations, and international organisations that have an interest with heritage buildings are also discussed in this Chapter. 2.2 Definitions and Concepts 2.2.1 Heritage Buildings Heritage buildings are defined as those which are old and significant either in terms of architecture or of history (Chien, 1992). Heritage buildings are also defined as existing buildings with significant cultural value to society (CIB Commission, 2010). Feilden, (1994) defines heritage building in his book, Conservation of historic buildings, that building which gives us a feeling of admiration and make us need to know more about the people who lived in this building and their culture as well as knowing its beautiful, historic, archaeological, economic, social, and political value. At the beginning of last century and after signing the Venice charter in 1964 for architectural conservation, the heritage building concept has been extended to include all buildings that have architectural value and cultural. The architectural conservation concept has also been extended. It has not been limited on archaeological landmarks and religious and palaces as was in the past; but according to Itma (2007), the buildings that should be conserved have been divided into two main types: 1. Monuments: They are important buildings correlated with a collective humanitarian value on international, regional, or denominational religious level, and to conserve them, their original case must be retained without any change, this can be applied only to archaeology and some distinctive architectural buildings such as the Dome of the Rock Jerusalem (Kobbat Assakhra- Kodos) in Palestine and Colosseum in Rome, Italy. 2. Documentary buildings: They are considered as documentation for historic phases of a heritage area. In general they have less historic value than the previous buildings due to their availability in several areas around the world. They usually are found in heritage centres for old cities and towns. According to UNESCO World Heritage Website, (30 December 2012), UNESCOs Convention related to the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) has defined and classified cultural heritage as follows: Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; Groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view. Deciding how old a building must be in order to be called heritage is difficult. In some places, 100 years old is heritage, while in other places, maybe 50 years old is enough. However, based on the Italian Law, Itma (2007) classified buildings as heritage buildings if their age is more than 50 years. 2.2.2 Approach of Architectural Conservation Strategies for action are being identified in present time in the field of preservation and restoration for heritage buildings according to international standards created by UNESCO, whether through International Conventions issued by International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) or through versions of International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and conventions issued by World Heritage Centre (WHC), where standard definitions for methods of cultural properties preservation and standards have been issued. Generally, there are seven (7) approaches in a conservation program, used individually or a combination, depend on the circumstances and objectives of a conservation project. In the following subsections, some approaches of a conservation program are explored. 2.2.2.1 Conservation Heritage building conservation can be described by many words. According to Norlizaiha Harun (2011), conservation is a technical activity towards heritage buildings. It includes physical action to preserve the fabric and construction material of the heritage buildings. It is a process to prevent decay and the action is aiming to prolong the life of the buildings. An article, Historic preservation projects can be green, by Wishkoski (2006), defines conservation as a process that preserves, protects and maintains during physical change. The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites in its Venice Charter (1964) describes the process of conserving a historical monument as: it implies preserving a setting which is not out of scale. Wherever the traditional setting exists, it must be kept. No new construction, demolition or modification which would alter the relations of mass and colour must be allowed. Burra Charter Article 1.4, (1990), defines cons ervation as all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. 2.2.2.2 Preservation Preservation is a process aiming to stop the deterioration, decay or dilapidation state. It provides structural safety and should be carried out only in such a way that evidence of the construction or use of the fabric would not be obscured (Norlizaiha Harun, 2011). According to Civic Amenities Act, (1967) as quoted by Farayune Hajjar (2008), preservation is to protect individual buildings, structures and other artefacts that were preserved because of their relation to the great figures from the nations heritage. Moreover, it was concerned with groups of historic buildings, townscape, and the spaces between buildings. Preservation is also concerned with limiting change, and the conservation is about the inevitability of change and the management of that change. 2.2.2.3 Restoration The Burra Charter (1999) as referred in Article 1.7, defines the restoration approach as returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. The Venice Charter (1964) as referred in Article 9, defines the process of restoration as a highly specialised operation that aims to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument with the main focus on respect for original materials and authentic documents. Accordingly, Restoration is the process of returning a building to its original condition at a specific time period. It should work from actual evidence, as stated in the secretary of interiors guidelines (See Appendix C Standard no. 6) that repair or replacement of missing architectural features should be based on accurate duplications of features, substantiated by historic, physical, or pictorial evidence rather than on conjectural designs or the avai lability of different architectural elements from other buildings or structure. Therefore, the restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study of the monument (Venice Charter, 1964). 2.2.2.4 Reconstruction Reconstruction Approach means the building of a historic structure using replicated design and/or materials. This approach is taken when a historic structure no longer exists but needs to be physically in place for contextual reasons. Reconstruction means also returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric (Burra Charter, Article1.8, 1999). Additionally, according to Appleton Charter, (1983) reconstruction means recreation of vanished or irreversibly deteriorated resources. 2.2.2.5 Rehabilitation Rehabilitation in general means that there is a good previous case of an object, then this case has deteriorated due to certain reasons or by the passage of the time. Therefore, this object has become unfit for the modern era and needs to carry out some modifications. These modifications make this object able to continue and perform its functions again with retaining its original value. In particular, architectural rehabilitation means a series of stages of rebuilding a building to its original case to perform its old functions or a suitable new function. In other words, it means repairing and developing the building by preserving its parts and components that possess historical, architectural and cultural values during the eras in which the building has passed since its construction. This means finding a new function for the building that makes the building useful and usable, and at the same time able to continue to insure the existence of people who perform maintenance works (Itma, 2007). According to Tyler, (1994), rehabilitation describes a suitable approach when existing historic features are damaged or deteriorated but modifications can be made to update portions of the structure, even rehabilitating the building for a new purpose. When rehabilitation is chosen as the appropriate intervention technique, alterations or additions may be made, but they should not be confused with original historic elements. 2.2.2.6 Maintenance Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. The repair involves restoration or reconstruction (Burra Charter, Article 1.5, 1990). Maintenance can also be defined as some work focuses on retaining a property in good working condition by repairing features as soon as deterioration becomes apparent, using procedures that preserve the original character and finish of the features. In some cases, preventive maintenance is carried out before noticeable deterioration. Maintaining properties in good condition often assures that more aggressive (and expensive) measures of rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction are not needed at some future date (Denver Landmark Preservation Commission Planning and Development Office, 1995). 2.2.2.7 Renovation Renovation is refurbishing and/or adding to the appearance of an original building or elements of a building in an attempt to renew its appearance in keeping with contemporary tastes and perceptions of conservation (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 2008). Renovation means also to improve by repair, to revive, and thereby enhance the usefulness and appearance of the building. The basic character and significant features are respected and preserved, but some alterations may also take place. Alterations that are made are generally reversible, should future owners wish to restore the building to its original design. The words rehabilitation and renovation are often used interchangeably (Denver Landmark Preservation Commission Planning and Development Office, 1995). 2.2.3 Conservation Guidelines The design guidelines are prepared to assist property owners, developers, architects, and designers of projects. In other words, they are written to be used by the city planners, Landmarks Commission, architects and developers, and especially the property owners, tenants, and construction trades who may be doing work on an older or heritage building in a city (Williams Elmer, 2010). They offer suggestions for conservation of heritage buildings and compatible new design to maintain buildings historic identity. According to Gioulis (1997), these guidelines are intended to: Increase public awareness of the value of historic architecture and the importance of design issues. Help reinforce the character of heritage buildings and protect their overall appearance. Preserve the integrity of designated heritage areas. Assist property owners and architects in making basic design decisions. Improve the quality of development. Protect the value of public and private investment. 2.3 Purpose of the Design Guidelines Organisation The guidelines are to assist in making improvements to the exterior of eligible residential, commercial, industrial, institutional and agricultural heritage properties, and are not to be interpreted as bylaw requirements. According to Heritage Restoration Grant Program (2009), guidelines for building conservation have two objectives: Ensuring the long-term stability of the building, in terms of its economic viability, structural improvements and compliance with building codes, when applicable. Restoration and retention of the architectural features which caused the building to be originally approved for assistance. The guidelines help protect the overall character of the heritage buildings by emphasizing preservation of architectural styles, building character, original features and streetscape elements that make up the communitys unique collection of heritage buildings. They provide background information and recommendations to help guide the appropriate conservation work and alterations to existing buildings. For additions, new construction and site work, they emphasize the compatibility of new buildings or features with existing or established historic character (Williams Elmer, 2010). 2.4 Assessment of the Current Level of Heritage Conservation and Building Defects Some previous studies reviewed the conservation activities and assessed the existing conditions of heritage buildings with taking into consideration, the conditions of building defects and conservation approach used for these buildings. For example, in Malaysia S. Johar et al (2009) reviewed the conservation activities on a traditional old mosque in Malaysia. They studied the concept and importance of conservation in general, the conservation activities on heritage buildings and mosque in Malaysia, and the approaches used for conserving to preserve the Muslims house of worship. They found that the four key conservation principles namely minimal intervention, conducting scientific research and laboratories testing, documentation of conservation work and applying effective methods and techniques for conservation. Meanwhile for conservation program, the seven approaches are preservation, reproduction, restoration, maintenance, redevelopment, rehabilitation and consolidation. Several app roaches are normally adopted for one building conservation project. Whats most important is the justification in adopting the approaches so that it complies with one of the key conservation principle, namely minimal intervention. Other research also in Malaysia by A Ghafar Ahmad et al. (2008) highlighted the existing conditions of heritage buildings in Malaysia with the main focus on the conditions of building defects and conservation approach to these buildings. The study conducted a pilot survey on several heritage towns and cities based on the existing heritage trail in Malaysia. The broad objective of this pilot survey was to examine the level of building defects and the location of building defects that normally occur in various types of historical buildings in Malaysia. At the same time, it also looked into the conservation approaches that has been done to these heritage buildings either the method are acceptable according to the basic principles and philosophy of building conservation. The study found that Malaysia faces several problems in dealing with the issues of heritage buildings. In addition, Hashimah Ismail Shuhana Shamsuddin (2005) highlighted the qualities that support the old shophouses as part of Malaysian heritage. They examined these qualities from two broad aspects, namely contribution to urban form and aesthetic aspects. They sought to highlight the strength of the old shophouses and the impending factors that threaten the continuous presence of these heritages building Malaysian town. The findings indicate that the practice of conserving the old shophouses is still not effective. A more effective measure in preserving the old shop houses needs to be undertaken. A research by Alattar, (2010), investigated a number of issues involved in the conservation process of the urban heritage of central Baghdad, which encompasses a unique collection of urban forms that belong to different phases of Baghdads history. Her study of the conservation efforts in this area revealed the appreciation of the built heritage and the will to maintain them. On the other hand, it disclosed the uncertainty of the strategies and tools utilised in the conservation process. Itma (2007) presented the situations of conservation projects in Palestine especially in the city of Nablus, by shedding light on the local institutions of labour in the domain of architectural conservation, and their important projects since the agreement of Oslo until 2007. He proved that there was not a complete or an extensive project of conservation in the old city of Nablus, during the mentioned period, but only small projects of maintaining and optimizing the old destroyed buildings. In addition, there was a very limited number of conservation projects conducted on some important heritage buildings in the old city of Nablus, Palestine. Mokadi (2008) highlighted the architectural and physical fabric of the throne villages in Palestine. The study attempted to study the historical centre of Deir Estia as a case study for the throne villages. That is to say, the study attempted to highlight the aspects of shortage and suffering, recent attempts of development, focusing on the available factors that can support establishing a tourism track which can cooperate in keeping the centre and enhancing the economic level, and to achieve building a strategy of developing that area. The study found that the throne is now facing rapid change of its physical fabric as a result of political, economic, social, and planning factors, in addition to the shortage of awareness level for the Palestinian character and values. Swilem (2008) aimed at keeping on the sustainability of the popular markets and conserve them as an economical cultural and tourist aspect. Her research attempted also to find solutions to the current market problems as well as to motivate investment in the popular markets through creating job opportunities and investment opportunities. She found that the traditional streets suffer from some problems. To overcome on these problems, the researcher suggested some strategies and policies to achieve sustainable development for the traditional streets. 2.5 Conservation Guidelines of Heritage Buildings Conservation guidelines for developing and utilizing heritage building must be created to protect these buildings from random works that influencing the historic value of a heritage building. Preparation of the conservation guidelines helps guide the development of heritage area as well as the development of heritage buildings and lots located within a heritage area. At the same time, these guidelines guide the conservation of this underutilized area into one of vibrant urban destinations. The guidelines direct development of the site; chiefly its public places, individual buildings and lots. This controls the utilization of heritage and new buildings for uses that will conserve as well as indirectly preserve the area and its heritage buildings. Several previous studies established conservation guidelines of heritage buildings. Alattar, (2010), explored the references for heritage understanding other than the physical structure, including culture, history, and traditions. The researcher tried to promote the awareness of all heritage aspects, and developed guidelines for a strategy that considers all active elements of the historical experience and provided a sustainable framework for future conservation plans for heritage buildings in Baghdad. Farayune (2008) provided the design guidelines of conservation Jakarta Kota as a heritage area, which improves and enhances the physical element and environment facilities. It is also in the revival Jakarta heritage area to become attractive place and tourism place in Jakarta. The design guidelines were based on the survey and analysis of the study area. The study found that conservation of Jakarta Kota was not only about conservation and preservation of the heritage building, but also about some aspects that need to be put on focus such as social, economic, culture, people activities and environmental facilities. These things can encourage the Jakarta Kota Area to be liveable. Abu-Hantash N. A. (2007) investigated the issue of adaptation of traditional residential buildings to contemporary needs. Her study was an attempt towards the development of a general policy for conservation and adaptation of traditional residential buildings in the heritage centre of Palestinian cities. The study demonstrated the high potentiality of the traditional house to satisfy the contemporary needs of its inhabitants. In addition, the research revealed that the modification needed varies from one building to another and are to be determined according to the building value and the level of intervention it allows. The research outlined a general policy and guidelines for housing conservation that could be applied to other heritage cities in Palestinian. In addition, Rabba I. H. (2004) examined the present reality of Dhahrieh old town by documenting its heritage monument and diagnosed the old towns problems and difficulties, in order to identify policies to safeguard its histori cal heritage. He concluded a set of policies, guidelines and suggestions to conserve the old town of Dhahrieh, Palestine. 2.6 Benefits of Conservation of Heritage Buildings Conservation of heritage buildings can generate social, economic and environmental benefits that reach far beyond the virtues of conserving a legacy for future generations. Investment in heritage properties conservation can, for instance, boost property values and tax revenues, create local jobs and skills, attract new businesses, and promote tourism (Municipal Heritage Partnership Program, 2012). The incorporation of many abandoned heritage buildings in the redevelopment process presents numerous advantages. The benefits of conservation of heritage buildings can be classified under three main topics: environmental, social, and economic (Stas, 2007). 2.6.1 Economic Benefits Conservation of heritage buildings generates economical benefits (economical returns). It represents a good way for national economic development across tourism (Itma, 2007). Conservation of a heritage building is more economic than its demolition or its rebuilding. Several economic impact studies discussed if heritage conservation yields significant benefits to the economy. In other words, these studies ask the question, Is heritage conservation considered as an economic development tool? A significant number of these studies have been undertaken across the U.S., and the answer to this question is a resounding yes-heritage conservation yields significant benefits to the economy. Rypkema (1991) compared the relative costs of building conservation versus new construction, and found that conservation makes more economic sense than new construction. Wolf et al (1999) reached the same conclusion documented by Rypkema (1991), in many cases; it is more efficient and profitable to conserve heritage buildings than construct a new building. 2.6.2 Environmental Benefits Conservation of heritage buildings generates very important benefits to the environment. A number of studies around the world have addressed this subject. Review of the literature revealed three main environmental benefits gained by conservation including: Reduction of hazardous materials; Preserving of the embodied energy; and Preserving of the Energy. 2.6.2.1 Reduction of Hazardous Materials Heritage buildings are more suitable for the environment because they have been built by using traditional materials such as mud, lime and stone. Traditional materials are natural materials. Therefore, they do not cause any pollution of the environment and also its preparations do not affect the environment. Modern building materials are generally reliant on large scale industrial processes that can emit very substantial levels of greenhouse gases, can require significant energy consumption and are often transported hundreds if not thousands of miles. For example the manufacture of cement alone accounts for 3% of greenhouse gases produced worldwide and the manufacture of PVC (Poly vinyl chloride) demands a lengthy process that requires a significant consumption of energy (Donough Cahill, 2004). A study carried out by De Sousa (2001), in the greater Toronto area, Canada found that the reduction of health risks posed by hazardous is the most important environmental benefits associated with Brownfield development. Moreover, vacant properties often contain an array of conditions such as illegal dumping, leaking, and fire hazards that pose serious threats to public health and the environment (Schilling, 2002). 2.6.2.2 Preserving of the Embodied Energy The retention of the original buildings embodied energy is one of the main environmental benefits of reusing heritage buildings. Rypkema (2005) defined the term embodied energy as the total expenditure of energy involved in the creation of the building and its constituent materials. The embodied energy can be also defined as the embodied energy is the quantity of energy required by all activities associated with a production process, including the relative proportions consumed in all activities upstream to the acquisition of natural resources and the share of energy used in making equipment and other supporting functions, i.e. Direct plus indirect energy (Treloar, 1997). Wishkoski (2006) gives an example: a heritage building with approximately 308,000 exterior bricks, each with an embodied energy value of 14,300 Thermal Units (BTU), represents 4.4 million BTUs of energy expended in the original construction of the building, or 1.3 million kilowatt hours of electricity. Planners, architects, investors, and public officials must take into consideration the energy used in the production and assembly of materials needed for new buildings, from their origin to their end of life and subsequent reuse. Conservation causes much less destruction of the natural resources than new construction. Statistics reveal that building construction consumes 40 percent of the raw materials entering the global economy every year (Bahl, 2005). Interestingly, about 85 percent of the total embodied energy in materials is used in their production and transportation (Bahl, 2005). In Australia, studies showed new buildings have much higher energy costs than buildings that are conserved. In 2001, new buildings accounted for 25 percent of wood harvest, 16 percent of fresh water supplied, 44 % of landfill, and 45 % of carbon dioxide production and up to half of the total greenhouse emissions from industrialized countries (Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2004). Besides that, demolition of buildings causes environmental loads. Whereby, the large volumes of construction waste strain landfill capacities and leads to environmental concerns. Therefore, conservation of the heritage buildings is the best resolution for this issue. Rypkema (2005) argues, the process of demolishing a historic building has a significant impact on the environment. When a building is being demolished, first, tens of thousands of dollars of embodied energy are being thrown away. Second, it is being replaced with materials vastly more consumptive of energy. Further, modern construction methods are incredibly wasteful of resources. Studies show that Up to 25 percent of the total waste generated in the United States and other countries is directly attributed to building, construction, and demolition activities (Bahl, 2005). These waste products can be environmentally hazardous and polluting, both as solids and in the atmosphere. The waster also stresses the capacity of lan dfill sites. 2.6.2.3 Preserving of the Energy. Preserving of energy is a great advantage that can be gained from conservation of heritage buildings. The old construction methods were used with taking into consideration to keep the weather out without consuming energy, namely, keeping the heritage building cooling in summer and heating in winter. When a heritage building is preserved or restored, those old cultural methods are preserved and brought back to active duty. Very likely, the old building was strategically placed to get the best orientation to the sun to make the most use of the solar energy, and the interior space and its openings were efficiently organized to keep the air circulating and cool down the space without using any sort of air conditioning and electricity. Preserving a heritage building helps avoid the consumption of additional energy by getting advantage of the old construction methods designed to cool and heat the space and keep the weather out without energy consumption (Stas, 2007). 2.6.3 Social Benefits Conservation of heritage buildings entails significant social benefits. Those benefits can be categorized under (1) Job creation, (2) Crime reduction, and (3) The sense of place factor (Stas, 2007). 2.6.3.1 Job Creation One of the social benefits for conservation of heritage building is job creation. According to Rypkema (1999), investing in vacant properties is an important tool that creates new job opportunities in communities and urban centres. Further, the labour intensity of building conservation generally means that there is a greater local economic impact in jobs and income than with the same amount spent on new construction. 2.6.3.2 Crime Reduction Abandoned heritage buildings can quickly become havens for vandals, homeless, arsonists, and drug dealers, and as a result drive down property values, taxes, and services, and discourage investment in a community. Schilling (2002) describes the effect of abandoned buildings on communities as a disease that once started it can quickly spread throughout a neighbourhood. The residents often felt unsafe walking on streets that have abandoned buildings. Local governments may succeed conserving one building but often do not have sufficient resources to keep the demand of a growing number of vacant properties. Some property owners feel helpless in trying to recruit new tenants. Property owners become less interested in investing in these neighbourhoods. Many residents eventually leave while those who remain become accustomed to blight as the neighbourhood deteriorates. This cycle continues with each new pocket of vacant and abandoned properties (Schilling, 2002). In Contrast, by conserving those vacant properties for another use, the illegal activities that used to occur in those properties will be eliminated, which will bring peace and safety back to the neighbourhood. 2.6.3.3 The Sense of Place Factor The built and natural environments are elements that express the distinctiveness of a community or a neighbourhood. Rypkema (1999) wrote about the sense of community and ownership: A sense of ownership acknowledges an individual benefit from, an individual stake in, and an individual responsibility for ones pl

An Exploration of Conflict and Social Exchange Theory Essay -- Social

Introduction In developing my ability to analyze conflict from different theoretical perspectives, I have learned through different theories how to practice different steps to manage my reactions to them. What I hope to accomplish within my paper is a general broad overview analysis of my experience with both Interpersonal Theories and Relationship Theories. I also wish to explain how when conflicts do arise, the steps on what people should do when making choices when they communicate in conflict situations. The reason why conflict is worth examining and experiencing, is because it shows us how we can develop better communication with the foundation of our mistakes; and what we can learn from them. By learning from our mistakes we can expect to gain more knowledge on how to acquire different behaviors to manage conflict. Conflict Description Now in explaining my conflict, it involves someone who is very important to me in my life. The person I am referring to is my girlfriend Maria. Maria and I having been together for two and a half years and things seem to be going pretty well. We both enjoy each other’s company and when we do spend time together it usually involves us having fun. There is never a dull moment when we are together and we both strive for and work towards are success. When it comes to school or work we always support each other in any positive way we can. Now in explaining on who holds the power, I would say that we both hold some sort of power when deciding different things in are relationship. There is not one person who indefinitely holds all the power in my opinion. In many situations there have been many occasions where she has felt strongly in an engagement where I have stepped aside and given support. I... ...mething I may thought I have did to make her upset, didn’t. And it was something that I let my mind think that she was going to be. When studying about the complexity of a person’s behavior, you can really she how things can so easily be resolved through simple communication. The way I can benefit from both these theories is by taking into account what they both mean. For Social Exchange I can take away that social behavior is the result of an exchange process by maximizing benefits and minimize costs, and for Uncertainty I have learned that people have a need to reduce uncertainty about others by gaining information about the problem at hand. Works Cited Dudley D. Cahn, Ruth Anna Abigail. Managing Conflict through Communication. Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education , 2014. Griffith, Marquis. Conflict Analysis Paper. Lumberton, New Jersey, 2014